Journal Article

See section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

Format:

Author AA. Date of publication. Title of article. Title of journal (edition). [accessed year month day];Volume(issue):page range. URL. doi: number. 

Example:
Setälä H, Sun ZJ, Zheng JQ, Lu C, Cui MM, Han SJ. 2023. Loss of soil carbon and nitrogen indicates climate change-induced alterations in a temperate forest ecosystem. Ecological Indicators. [accessed 2023 July 20];148. https://www-sciencedirect-com.une.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S1470160X23001978?via%3Dihub. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110055.

Note:
If citing a print journal, omit the access date, URL or DOI number, and include page numbers. See Section 29.3.7.1 of the CSE Manual.

Magazine Article

See section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

Magazine article citations follow the same format as journal articles in CSE.

Print Book

See section 29.3.7.2 of the CSE Manual.

Format:

Author AA, Author BB. Date. Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher. 

Example:
McCormac JS, Kennedy G. 2004. Birds of Ohio. 2nd ed. Auburn (WA): Lone Pine.

e-book

See section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

Format:

Author AA, Author BB. Date of publication. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; [accessed year month day]. URL. 

Example:
Rollin, BE. 1998. The unheeded cry: animal consciousness, animal pain, and science [Internet]. 3rd ed. Ames (IA): The Iowa State University Press. [accessed 2021 August 27]. http://www.netlibrary.com.

Book Chapter

See section 29.3.7.2.10 of the CSE Manual.

Format:

Author AA, Author BB. Date of publication. Chapter title. In: Editor EE, editor(s). Book title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher. p. page range.  

Example:
Timm KE. 2000. Testing the spine. In: Brown LE, editor. Isokinetics in human performance. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics. p. 258-276.

Online Encyclopedia Article

See section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

Format:

Author AA. Date of publication. Entry title. In: Editor EE, editor(s). Title of Enyclopedia. Editon. Place of publication: Publisher; [accessed year month day]. (Database). p. page range. URL or DOI.  

Example:
Wagner S, Johanna T. 2016. Pregnancy. In: Gale encyclopedia of medicine [database on the Internet]. 5th ed. Vol. 2. Farmington Hills (MI): Gale. [accessed 2023 Jul 13]. (Gale Virtual Reference Library). p. 260-792. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL.

Conference Paper

See section 29.3.7.3 of the CSE Manual.

Format:

Author AA, Author BB. Date of publication. Title of paper. In: Editor EE. Title of book. Number and name of conference; date of conference; place of conference. Place of publication: publisher. p. page numbers. URL (if applicable). 

Example:
Lee DJ, Bates D, Dromey C, Xu X, Antani S. c2003. An imaging system correlating lip shapes with tongue contact patterns for speech pathology research. In: Krol M, Mitra S, Lee DJ, editors. CBMS 2003. Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems; New York. Los Alamitos (CA): IEEE Computer Society. p. 307–313.

Dissertation or Thesis

See section 29.3.7.5 of the CSE Manual.

Format:

Author AA. Date of publication. Title of dissertation or thesis [type of resource]. Place of publication: publisher. URL (if applicable). 

Example:
Brann, C. 2018. Drosophila glypicans Dally and dally-Like control injury induced allodynia [thesis]. [Biddeford (ME)]: University of New England. [Accessed 2023 July 20]. https://dune.une.edu/theses/164/

Technical Report

See section 29.3.7.4 of the CSE Manual.

Format:

Author AA. Date of publication. Title of report. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. Report No.: Notes. 

Example:
Gimble JM. 2009. Circadian biology and sleep: Missing links in obesity and metabolism. Baton Rogue (LA): Louisiana State University System. Report No.: W81XWH-09-1-0289. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA.

See section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

It can often be difficult to locate all the required elements of a citation on a webpage. Work with the information provided; if an author or other element is not listed, leave that element out and do not create placeholders.

Format:
Title of Page. Date of publication. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; [accessed year month day]. URL.

Example:
Whale Shark. 2023. Washington (DC): Oceana; [accessed 2023 July 27]. https://oceana.org/marine-life/whale-shark/.

See section 30.2 of the CSE Manual

Format:
Creator AA. Date of publication. Title (type of image). Place of publication: Publisher or Producer; [accessed year month day]. URL.
Example:
Talbot P. 2011. Mesocricetus auratus, blood cell, oocyte, cumulus cell [recorded image]. La Jolla (CA): Cell Image Library. [accessed 2024 July 31].  http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/images/18042.

Don’t include unpublished communications such as personal interviews, class lectures or notes, e-mail, or letters in your reference list in CSE style. Instead they can be referenced within the text of your paper like: (name of third party(first/middle initials, last name), form of communication, month day, year).

Example:
(A. Smith, interview with author, November 5, 2024).

CSE does not currently have official guidelines for citing AI tools. However, The Council of Science Editors recommends treating AI-generated content as personal communication:

• Cite in-text only
• The nature and source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement.

Example:

(ChatGPT [OpenAI], response to question from author, 2024 July 18).