See AMA Manual of Style: References section 3.11.

Abbreviate journal titles as shown in the National Library of Medicine Catalog.

Journal Article

Format:
Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year;Issue(Volume):Page-Page. doi:

Example with DOI:
Lohela TJ, Lilius TO, Nedergaard M. The glymphatic system: implications for drugs for central nervous system diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2022;21(10):763-779. doi: 0.1038/s41573-022-00500-9

Example with URL:
Shukla H, Meldrum A, Boyd D. Dental and oro-facial features of Foetal Anticonvulsant Syndrome. N Z Med J. 2023;136(1579):24-35. Accessed August 2, 2024. https://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal-articles/dental-and-oro-facial-features-of-foetal-anticonvulsant-syndrome

Print Journal:
Snow, H. The germ theory of disease. J Osteopath (Kirksvill). 1913;20(4):207-209.

Newspaper Article

See AMA Manual of Style: References section 3.13.1

Format:
Author AA. Title of article. Newspaper. Month Day, Year.  Accessed Month Day, Year. URL

Example:
Perez-Pena R. Children in shelters hit hard by asthma. NY Times. March 2, 2024. Accessed December 2, 2025. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/02/nyregion/02asthma.html

Note:
For print newspapers, use section and/or pages in place of the URL.

See AMA Manual of Style: References section 3.12.1.

Print Book

Format:
Author AA, Author BB. Book Title. Edition. Publisher; Year.

Example:
Etzel RA, Balk SJ. Pediatric Environmental Health. 4th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2011.

e-book

See AMA Manual of Style: References section 3.12.11

Format:
Author AA, Author BB. Title of Book. Edition. Publisher; Year. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL

Example:
Prentice WE. Principles of Athletic Training: A Guide to Evidence-Based Clinical Practice. 18th ed. McGraw Hill; 2024. Accessed January 2, 2025. https://accessphysiotherapy-mhmedical-com.une.idm.oclc.org/book.aspx?bookid=3472

Book Chapter

Format:
Author AA, Author BB. Title of chapter. In: Editor AA, Editor BB eds. Title of Book. Edition. Publisher; Year:Page-Page. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL or Publisher; Year.

Print Example:
Prince M, Glozier N, Sousa R, Dewey M. Measuring disability across physical, mental, and cognitive disorders. In: Regier DA, Narrow WE, Kuhl EA, Kupfer DJ, eds. The Conceptual Evolution of DSM-5. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc; 2011:189-227.

e-book Example:
Sudarsky L. Gait and balance disorders. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2015:chap 32. Accessed September 21, 2024. http://www.harrisonsim.com/index.php

Note:
E-books may not always contain page numbers; use the chapter or section as in this example.

See AMA Manual of Style: References section 3.14.

Video

Format:
Creator A. Title of Film. Medium. Producing Organization; Production Month Day, Year. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL

Example:
New England Osteopathic Heritage Center. With These Hands. Streaming Video. University of New England Media Services; 2004. Accessed October 14, 2024. https://dune.une.edu/withthesehands/

Podcast

Format:
Creator A. Title of episode. Title of Podcast. Podcast. Production Month Day, Year. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL

Example:
Gandhi, M.#481 prediabetes and diabetes prevention with Dr. Scott Isaacs.  The Curbsiders Internal Medicine. Podcast. April 28, 2025. Accessed May 16, 2025. https://thecurbsiders.com/curbsiders-podcast/481-prediabetes-and-diabetes-prevention-with-dr-scott-isaacs

See AMA Manual of Style: References section 3.15.3.

Example

Format:
Author, A. Title of webpage. Name of Website. Date Published. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL

Example:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Managing Diabetes. National Institute of Health. 2023. Accessed January 2, 2025. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes

For guidance on including images, tables or figures of your own creation, see the AMA Manual of Style: Tables, Figures and Multimedia

Citing from another source

An image or figure is generally given a title to which you can attach a citation as you would a quote, including superscript number that refers to the source in the reference list.  A title might already exist for it from the original source, or you can provide a brief description. The title or description can either be above or below the image. Format the citation in the reference list as either an article, a book, a website, depending on where the image came from.

Example

Format:
Creator A. Title. Source. Published Month Day, Year. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL

Example:
Häggström M. Liver (transparent). Wikimedia Commons. October 2, 2010. Accessed August 3, 2024. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liver_(transparent).png

See AMA Style Manual: References section 3.13.10.

Notes

• Do not include personal communications such as letters, emails, or verbal statements in a reference list.
• If documentation can be provided to support statements from personal communications, they can be included in the text.
• Oral communications need to be supported in writing.
• Provide the date of the communication and how it was documented.
• Include the author’s academic credentials to establish relevance and authority to their statement.

Examples

• According to a letter from E. L. Mendoza, MD, in August 2024 …
• Similar findings have been noted by Roberts⁶ and by E. L. Mendoza, MD (email, August 15, 2024).
• According to the manufacturer (A. P. Mehta, PhD, Merck, written communication, May 1, 2025), the drug became available in Japan in January 2014.

For U.S. Legal References, see AMA Manual of Style: References section 3.16.

Because legal citations are complex, the AMA refers writers to the latest edition of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation.

See AMA Manual of Style: References section 3.7.

Use only the author’s surname when referring to them in your text. When there are two authors, list them both. For references with more than two authors or authors and a group, include the first author’s surname followed by “et al,” “and coauthors,” or “and colleagues.”

Examples:

• According to Smith⁷…
• Smith and Ramirez⁸ reported that…
• Liu et al⁹ indicate that…

See AMA Manual of Style: References section 3.6.

For a direct quote, include the page number after the citation superscript number.

Example: Smith claims that “without knowledge of AMA style, most medical scholars will find it difficult to publish.”^2(p21)

In-text citations at the end of each sentence can be repetitive when you are paraphrasing the ideas of an author multiple times in a paragraph. While you still must attribute any ideas which are not your own in each sentence, you can avoid multiple in-text citations of the same article by using a lead-in referring to your source.

Examples:

• “According to (authors)…”
• “They also state…”
• “This article concludes that…”