Journal Article

Basic Format:
AuthorLast, First M., & AuthorFirst M. Last. Year. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume (Issue):page-page. DOI, URL or Database Name.

Example:
Gary, LaVaugh Hopkins,  Molly Deschaies, & Julia Strange. 2011. “Black Women in History – Civil War and Reconstruction.” Black History Bulletin 74 (2):24-31. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A274227317/WHIC?u=bidd97564&sid=summon&xid=c7b1f8d5.

Newspaper or Magazine Article

Basic Format:
AuthorLast, First M. “Title of Article.” Newspaper or Magazine, Month Day of publication. URL or Database Name.

Example:

Hoey, Dennis. 2021. “Rare Yellow Lobster Donated to UNE’s Marine Science Center.” Portland Press Herald, February 5. https://www.pressherald.com/2021/02/04/rare-yellow-lobster-donated-to-unes-marine-science-center.

Thesis or Dissertation

Basic Format:
AuthorLast, First. “Title of Thesis or Dissertation.” thesis or dissertation, University Name, Year. URL or Database Name.

Example:
Brill-Lee, Rachel. “Examining Middle School Core Teacher Knowledge And Practices In Stem Education.” EdD diss., University of New England, 2022. https://dune.une.edu/theses/413/.

Note: If citing a print book, omit the DOI, URL or Database Name.

One Author

Basic Format:
AuthorLast, First M. Year. Title of Book. Edition. Publisher. DOI, URL or Database Name.

Example:
Isaacson, Walter. 2021. The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race. Simon & Schuster. ProQuest Ebrary.

More than one author

Basic Format:
AuthorLast, First M, and AuthorFirst M, Last. Year. Title of Book. Edition. Publisher. DOI, URL or Database Name.

Example:
Kröger, Lisa and Melanie Anderson. 2019.  Monster, She Wrote: The Women Who Pioneered Horror & Speculative Fiction. Quirk Books. 

Chapter in an Edited Book

Basic Format:
AuthorLast, First M. Year. “Title of Chapter.” In Title of Book, edited by EditorFirst M. Last and EditorFirst M. Last. Edition. Publisher. DOI, URL or Database Name.

Example:
Smith, John. 2022. “The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity.” In Environmental Challenges in the 21st Century, edited by Laura Johnson and Michael Brown. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press.

Notes:

• If the year of publication or revision is not available use n.d. and include an accessed date.
• If there is no author credited, use the organization or corporation responsible for the website.

Webpages

Basic Format:
Author or Organization. Date. “Title of Webpage.” Date Last Revised or Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.

Example:
University of New England Library Services. 2025. “Copyright & Fair Use.” Accessed May 1, 2025. https://library.une.edu/research-help/research-publishing-support/understanding-copyright/

Blog Post

Basic Format:
AuthorLast, First M. Year. “Title of Blog Post.” Blog Name (blog). Month Day, Year. URL.

Example:
Males, Jamie. 2022. “Warming Coral Reefs in the Past, Present, and Future: An Interview with PLOS Climate Authors.” Latitude (blog). March 9, 2022. https://latitude.plos.org/2022/03/warming-reefs/.

Social Media

References to social media posts can usually be limited to the text. If a more formal citation is needed, use up to the first 280 characters of the post in place of the title.

Basic Format:
Account Name. Year. “First 280 Characters of the Post Text” Platform Name. Post Month Day. URL.

Example:
Merriam-Webster. 2025. “We don’t know if you are ready to see our definition of ‘gatekeeping.’” Instagram. June 26. https://www.instagram.com/merriamwebster/p/DLXXxDXN2b3/?hl=en.

Streaming Video

Basic Format:
CreatorLast, First M., role. Year. “Title of Video.” Producer or Series. Release Month Day. Format. Duration. URL.

Example:
Ming, Megan F. 2016. “Let’s Get to the Root of Racial Injustice.” TEDxRainier, March 16. Video, 19 min., 37 sec. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aCn72iXO9s.

DVD

Basic Format:
DirectorLast, First M., role. Title of Film. Studio, Year. Format. Duration.

Example:
Baldwin, Grant. Just Eat It: A Food Waste Story. Bullfrog Fims, 2014. DVD, 74 min.

TV Episode

Basic Format:
CreatorLast, First M., role. Title of Series, Season, Episode, “Title of Episode,” written by Writer First Last, directed by Director, First Last, aired on Month Day, Year, on Channel. URL.

Example:
Tyson, Neil deGrasse, host. Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, Episode 2, Part 2, “Some of the Things That Molecules Do,” written by Ann Druyan and Steven Soter, directed by Bill Pope, aired March 16, 2014, on 21st Century Fox.

Podcast

Basic Format:
HostLast, First, role. Year. Name of Podcast. Season, Episode, “Title of Episode.” Contributors. Publisher, Released Month Day, Year. Podcast, duration. URL.

Example:
Vedantam, Shankar, host. Hidden Brain.“The Halo Effect: Why It’s So Difficults To Understand The Past.” National Pubic Radio, September 21, 2020. Podcast. 54 min., 54 sec. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/904660038.

Images are not typically included in a reference list in Chicago Author-Date style. However, if you include an image in your text, caption it with:

Basic Format:
Creator, date of creation, title of work, where it is located, url if available.

Example:
St. Francis College. 1948. “Saint Francis High School and Junior College Students (photo #1).” St. Francis College History Collection. https://dune.une.edu/sfchc_photos/10.

See The Chicago Manual of Style 14.112 for citing AI-Generated content.

AI-generated content should be cited whenever quoted or paraphrased.  If there is a publicly available archive of the conversation, AI references can be included in a reference list. References can also be included in the text. In either case it is important to include the AI tool used including the version, the prompt given, the date the text was generated, and how the content was incorporated into your work.

Example:

Basic Format:
Publisher. Response to prompt. AI tool version. Date of conversation. URL of public archive of conversation.  

Bibliography Example:
OpenAI. Response to “How can AI help with academic research?” ChatGPT-4o, July 7, 2025. https://chatgpt.com/s/t_686be95540c081919fd7622f78645f29.

Personal Communications

Personal communications such as letters and emails are not typically included in the bibliography in Chicago Style. In-text they should appear as:

Example:

(Seungmin Park, email to author, July 19, 2023.)

Interviews

Use the name of the interviewee when referencing an interview.

Example

Sadjadpour, Karim. 2025. “How US Air Strikes in Iran Might Affect The Country’s Nuclear Program And Leadership.” Interview by Dave Davies. Fresh Air, NPR, June 24. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/nx-s1-5443566.

(Sadjadpour 2025).

Legal Cases

For information on preparing legal references, the refer to The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation.

Referencing Multiple sources

If you need to credit more than one source in your citation, separate with a semicolon.

Example:

(Lee 2003; Barr and Wintz 2014)

Multiple references to the same source

If you are citing the same source multiple times, include the full citation in the first reference, and only the page number in subsequent references

Example:

Chinese immigrants contributed significantly to the expansion of the railroad system in the American West, yet they faced hostility as they settled in the region (Lee 2003). The passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the first federal law to restrict immigration based on race, lead to an increase in anti-Asian violance and discrimination (242).

Authors Name in the Sentence

If the author’s name is used in the sentence, include only the publication year in parenthesis. Include a page number if referencing a specific place in the text.

Examples:

• Leuchtenburg (1963) details how Roosevelt’s New Deal marked a turning point in American economic and political life by re-writing the relationship of the American people with their government.
• Pielke (2003, 154-155) highlights how a lack of political will impedes effective climate policies even when the science is clear.

Run in quotations

When quoting directly from a source, include the page number on which your quote can be found.  The in-text citation may go in the sentence along with the quote, or be placed afterwards.

Examples:

• As Edward Galeano (1997,  137) points out, “We must never forget that history is a weapon.”
• As Edward Galeano points out, “We must never forget that history is a weapon” (1997, 137).
• “We must never forget that history is a weapon” (Galeano 1997, 137).

Block Quotes

For quoting longer pieces of text, indent and omit quotation marks. Add the in-text citation after the final punctuation.

Example:

The need to regulate ourselves so as to live peaceably among others is a prerequisite for moral evolution. Morality naturally arises out of social life. A social life becomes more complex – moving from immediate family, to extended kin, to tribal community, and so forth – the “larger instincts” that impinge on self-interest become increasingly remote and abstract. Thus, morality becomes increasingly complex. (Rossano 2010, 174)