Journal Article

See Section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

Format:

Author AA. Title of article. Title of journal (edition). Date of publication [accessed year month day];volume(issue):page numbers. URL. doi: number.

Example:
Xiaojie W, Jinling X, Yixin Y. Response of fish to ocean warming and acidification. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 2022 Jan [accessed 2023 July 24];42(2):433-441. https://www.ecologica.cn/stxb/article/abstract/stxb202006081486. doi: 10.5846/stxb202006081486.

Note:
If citing a print journal, omit the access date, URL and DOI number, and include page numbers. See Section 29.3.7.1 of the CSE Manual.

Magazine Article

Magazine article citations follow the same format as journal articles in CSE.

Newspaper Article

Format:
Author AA. Title of article. Title of newspaper (edition). Date of publication [accessed date]. URL.

Example:
Wallance-Wells, D. Food as you know it is about the change. New York Times (International Ed.). 2024 July 28 [accessed 2024 Aug 5]. https://www.proquest.com/docview/3087480822/C324F6C981434FF8PQ/2?accountid=12756&sourcetype=Newspapers.

Print Book

See Section 29.3.7.2 of the CSE Manual.

Format:
Author AA. Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date.

Example:
Lemons DS. A student’s guide to entropy. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; 2013.

e-book

See Section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

Format:
Author AA. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date of publication [accessed year month date]. URL.

Example:
Chambers JA. Field guide to global health & disaster medicine. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2022 [accessed 2023 July 24]. https://www-clinicalkey-com.une.idm.oclc.org/#!/browse/book/3-s2.0-C20200000599.

Book Chapter

See Section 29.3.7.2.10 of the CSE Manual.

Format:
Author AA, Author BB. Name of entry. In: Editor EE, editor(s). Title of Book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; date of publication [accessed year month day]. p. page range.

Example:
Voight ML, Tippett SR. Plyometric exercise in rehabilitation. In: Prentice WE, editor. Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training. Thorofare (NJ): SLACK Incorporated; 2015. p. 285-310.

Online Encyclopedia Article

See Section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

Format:

Author AA. Name of entry. In: Editor EE, editor(s). Title of Encyclopedia. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; date of publication [accessed year month day]. p. page range. URL.

Example:
Angell B. Behavioral therapy. In: Franklin C, editor. Oxford research encyclopedia of social work. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2013 [accessed 2023 July 24]. https://doi-org.une.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.30

Conference Paper

See Section 29.3.7.3 of the CSE Manual.

Format:

Editor AA, Editor BB, editors. Title of book. Number and name of conference; date of conference; place of conference. Place of publication: publisher; date.

Example:
Mahdavi K, Culshaw R, Boucher J, editors. Current developments in mathematical biology. Conference on Mathematical Biology and Dynamical Systems; Tyler, TX. University of Texas at Tyler. 2007 Jan.

Dissertation or Thesis

See Section 29.3.7.5 of the CSE Manual.

Format:
Author AA. Title of dissertation or thesis [type of resource]. Place of publication: publisher; date.

Example:
Sullivan SM. Identifying complex adaptive systems using quantitative approaches at a midsized biotechnology firm [dissertation]. Biddeford (ME): University of New England; 2022.

Technical Report

See Section 29.3.7.4 of the CSE Manual.

Format:
Author AA. Title of report. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date. Report No.: Notes.

Example:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. Atlanta (GA): Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 2019. Report No.2019-133.

See Section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

It can often be difficult to locate all the required elements of a citation on a webpage. Work with the information provided; if an author or other element is not listed, leave that element out and do not create placeholders.

Format:
Title of Page. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date of publication; [accessed year month day]. URL.

Example:
ECOS letter on U.S. DOJ SEP policy. 2022. Washington (DC): Enviormental Council of the States; 2022; [accessed 2023 July 24]. https://www.ecos.org/documents/ecos-letter-on-u-s-doj-sep-policy/.

See section 30.2 of the CSE Manual

Format:
Creator AA. Title [type of image]. Place of publication: Publisher or Producer. [accessed year month date]. URL.
Example:
Winslow T. Spine anatomy [illustration]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute. [accessed 2023 Aug 4]. https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=12201.

Don’t include unpublished communications such as personal interviews, class lectures or notes, e-mail, or letters in your reference list in CSE style. Instead they can be referenced within the text of your paper like: (name of third party(first/middle initials, last name), form of communication, month day, year).

Example:
(A. Smith, interview with author, November 5, 2024).

CSE does not currently have official guidelines for citing AI tools. However, The Council of Science Editors recommends treating AI-generated content as personal communication:

• Cite in-text only
• The nature and source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement.

Example:
(ChatGPT [OpenAI], response to question from author, 2024 July 18).