Journal Article

Format:
Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume#(issue#), page range. URL or DOI

Note:
Use DOI if available, otherwise use the permalink URL of the article. Do not add a period after a URL or DOI as it may interfere with the link. If citing a print journal, omit this section.

Example:
Brown, J. D., Sintzel, J., St. Arnault, D., & George, N. (2009). Confidence to foster across cultures: Caregiver perspectives. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18(6), 633 -642. https://doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9264-z

Newspaper Article

Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day of publication) Title of article. Title of newspaper, URL

Note:
If the article is from print newspaper, include the pages in place of the URL.

Example:
Sharma, B., & Mashal, M. (2024, Aug 01). The Overlooked Reason That Planes Crash So Often in Nepal. The New York Times, https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/overlooked-reason-that-planes-crash-so-often/docview/3086651867/se-2 

Note: Use the same format for both print books and e-books.

Book or e-book

Format:
Author, A. A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (Year of publication) Title of book. Publisher. DOI or URL if applicable

Note:
Do not add a period after a URL or DOI as it may interfere with the link.

Example:
Robnett, R. H., & Chop, W. C. (2010). Gerontology for the health care professional. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Edited Book, No Author

Format:
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher. DOI or URL if applicable

Example:
Carrin, G. (Ed.). (2009). Health systems policy, finance, and organization. Academic Press.

Chapter in an Edited Book

Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor, & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. page range of chapter). Publisher. DOI or ULR if applicable

Example:
Hart, L. A. (2006). Community context and psychosocial benefits of animal companionship. In A. H. Fine (Ed.), Handbook on animal assisted therapy (pp. 73- 94). Elsevier.

Notes:

• If you cannot locate a publication date, use (n.d.).
• Include a retrieval date if the page’s contents are likely to change over time, such as a publicly edited wiki.

Web Pages

Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date of publication). Title of web page. Site Name. URL

Example:
Di Sario, F. (2024, July 31). Heat wave blanketing Olympics “impossible” without climate change. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/scorching-olympic-heat-impossible-without-climate-change-rising-temperature 

Organization as Author

Note: If the webpage is authored by an organization or group, use the group name in place of the author names. Omit the site name if it is the same as the author name.

Format:
Organization. (Year, Month Date). Title of web page. URL

Example:
Delta. (2024). Sustainability. Retrieved July 25, 2024, from https://www.delta.com/us/en/about-delta/sustainability

Blog Posts

Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date of publication). Blog post title. Blog Name. Organization (if applicable.) URL

Example:
Doctorow, C. (2019, September 24). At the UN, Greta Thunberg excoriates world leaders and her elders for climate inaction. Boing Boing. https://boingboing.net/2019/09/24/the-house-is-on-fire.html

Social Media Post

Format:
Author, A. A. or Name of Group [@username if applicable]. (Year, Month Day of publication). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL

Example:
Marine Mammals of Maine. (2024, July 9). This weaned harbor seal pup found himself on a remote beach in Phippsburg, Maine 10 days ago. While he appears [image]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=881484054014102&set=a.621180866711090

Film or Movie

Basic Format:
Director, A. A. (Role).(Date of publication). Film title [Film]. Production Company; Studio.

Example:
Stone, R. (Director). (2010). Earth Days [Film]. PBS. 

Episode of Television Show

Basic Format
Writer, A. A. (Writer), & Director, A. A. (Director). (Original air date). Title of episode (Season number, Episode number) [TV series episode]. In A. Executive Producer, B. Executive Producer (Producers), Series title. Production Company(s).

Example:
Sherman-Palladino, A. (Writer), & Mansuco, G. (Director). (2002, February 26). Lost and found (Season 2, Episode 15) [TV series episode]. In A. Sherman-Palladino, D. Palladino, & G. Polone (Executive Producers), Gilmore Girls. Warner Bros. Television.

YouTube Videos

Basic Format:
Creator, A. A. (Year, Month Date of publication). Title of video [Video]. YouTube. URL

Example:
NASA Climate Change. (2020, March 31). Rising Tides: Understanding sea level rise [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXzfOpZSmk8&ab_channel=NASAClimateChange

TED Talks

Basic Format:
Speaker, A. A. (Year, Month of publication). Title of talk [Video]. Ted Conferences. URL

Example:
Cain, S. (2012). The Power of introverts [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts/up-next?referrer=playlist-the_most_popular_talks_of_all&language=en

Format:

Creator, A. A. (Year). Title of Image [Format]. Source. URL

Example:

Hacking, C. (2018). CT head coronal – labeling questions [image]. Radiopaedia. https://radiopaedia.org/cases/ct-head-coronal-labelling-questions?lang=us

Format:

Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Date of publication). Episode title [Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast name. Production Company. URL

Example:

Rooks, J. (Host). (2019, November 6). Conserving Maine’s islands: What’s  being done to protect Maine islands from climate change & threats [Audio podcast episode]. In Maine Calling. Maine Public. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/381443550/maine-calling

Published Dissertation

Format:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Dissertation title [Doctoral Dissertation, University Name]. Database or Repository. URL

Note:
If the dissertation is from a research database, use the database name instead of a URL.

Example:
Vorse, J. (2022). The effect of post-harvest storage temperature and drying method on the pathogen load of edible kelp [Masters Thesis, University of New England]. DUNE. https://dune.une.edu/theses/445/  

Unpublished Dissertation

Format:
Author, A. A. (Year of submission).Title of dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University Name.

Example
Smith, M. E. (2020). Ethical leadership in higher education: Perceptions and practices at a private university [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of New England.

For information on preparing legal references, the APA refers writers to the latest edition of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation.

Supreme Court Case

Format
Name v. Name, Volume # U.S. Page #. (Year). URL

Example:
Penneast Pipeline Co. LLC v. New Jersey et al. 594 U.S. 482. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us2r62_19m1.pd 

Note:

Please use caution when researching with AI tools.

Format:

Name of Creator Company. (Year).Title of tool (version) [Large language model]. URL

Example:

OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT (3.5) [Large language model]. https://chatgpt.com

Note: If you retrieved a handout (not a journal article) from Brightspace, include the URL of the Brightspace login page (i.e., https://brightspace.une.edu/d2l/home).

Citing this content may vary by program, course, or instructor.  Be sure to check with your instructor about how they would like you to cite these resources from your course.

Class Handout from Brightspace

Format:
Instructor/Presenter, A. A. (Year handout was created, if known). Title of handout [Class handout]. Brightspace. https://brightspace.une.edu/

Example:
Smith, J. (2024). Laboratory safety [Class handout]. Brightspace. https://brightspace.une.edu/d2l/home

Presentation Slides

Note:
If the slides are from Brightspace, and you are writing for an audience with access to Brightspace, indicate “Brightspace” and the URL.

Format:
Instructor/Presenter, A. A. (Year presentation was created, if known). Title of presentation [PowerPoint slides]. Brightspace. URL.

Example:
Graham, J. (2021). Introduction: Jean Watson [PowerPoint slides]. Brightspace. https://brightspace.une.edu/d2l/home

Class Lecture Notes

Format:
Instructor/Presenter, A. A. (Date of lecture). [Lecture notes on topic]. Program/Department, University name. URL of instructor’s faculty website

Example:
Stewart, C. (2024, June 25). [Lecture notes on introduction to library services]. College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England. https://www.une.edu/people/cindy-stewart

Include an in-text citation whenever you paraphrase or summarize the ideas of another author. An in-text citation consists of the author’s name and publication year in parentheses at the end of the sentence containing the summary.

Example: (Winkleman, 2020).

How do I cite if I am paraphrasing more than one consecutive sentence from the same source? 

Use just the publication year in parentheses when naming the author in a sentence.

Example:
“As a leading expert in the subject, Winkleman (2020) asserts that…”

Two Authors

For two authors, separate using an ampersand (&). If you are using the authors’ names in the sentence, use the word “and.”

Example:
(Winkleman & Clark, 2019) or “According to Winkleman and Clark (2019)…”

Three or more Authors

For three or more authors, list only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources.

Example:
(Winkleman et al., 2019) or “Winkleman et al. (2019) suggest…”

Add the page number when using a direct quote.

Example: (Winkleman, 2009, p. 134).