Journal Article

Format:
Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume#(issue#), page-page. URL or DOI

Example:
Brown, J. D., Sintzel, J., St. Arnault, D., & George, N. (2009). Confidence to foster across cultures: Caregiver perspectives. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18(6), 633-642. https://doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9264-z

Newspaper or Magazine Article

Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of article. Title of Publication, URL

Note:
If the article is from print newspaper, include the section and page range in place of the URL.

Example:
Sharma, B., & Mashal, M. (2024, August 1). The overlooked reason that planes crash so often in Nepal. The New York Times, https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/overlooked-reason-that-planes-crash-so-often/docview/3086651867/se-2

Dissertations

Published Dissertation

Format:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Dissertation title [Doctoral Dissertation, University Name]. Database or Repository. URL

Note:
If the dissertation is from a research database, use the database name instead of a URL.

Example:
Vorse, J. (2022).The effect of post-harvest storage temperature and drying method on the pathogen load of edible kelp [Masters Thesis, University of New England]. DUNE. https://dune.une.edu/theses/445

Unpublished Dissertation

Format:
Author, A. A. (Year of submission).Title of dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University Name.

Example
Smith, M. E. (2020). Ethical leadership in higher education: Perceptions and practices at a private university [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of New England.

Note: Only use a URL if readers will be able to access without a login or paywall. If you accessed the book through a database using your UNE credentials, omit and cite the same as for a print book.

Book or e-book

Format:
Author, A. A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (Year of publication).  Title of book (edition). Publisher. DOI or URL if applicable

Example:
Robnett, R. H., & Chop, W. C. (2010). Gerontology for the health care professional (4th ed.). Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Edited Book, No Author

Format:
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of book. (edition). Publisher. DOI or URL if applicable

Example:
Ritzer, G. (Ed.). (2022). The Blackwell companion to major social theorists (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119637119

Chapter in an Edited Book

Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor, & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (edition., pp. page-page). Publisher. DOI or ULR if applicable

Example:
Hart, L. A. (2006). Community context and psychosocial benefits of animal companionship. In A. H. Fine (Ed.), Handbook on animal assisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice (2nd ed., pp. 73- 94). Academic Press.

Notes:

• If you cannot locate a publication date, use (n.d.).
• If you cannot locate an author, use the name of the publishing organization, agency, or company.
• Include a retrieval date only if the page’s contents are likely to change over time.

Web Pages

Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of web page. Site Name. URL

Example:
Di Sario, F. (2024, July 31). Heat wave blanketing Olympics “impossible” without climate change. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/scorching-olympic-heat-impossible-without-climate-change-rising-temperature 

Organization as Author

Format:
Organization. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of web page. URL

Example:
Delta. (2024). Sustainability. Retrieved July 25, 2024, from https://www.delta.com/us/en/about-delta/sustainability

Blog Posts

Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day of publication). Blog post title. Blog Name. Organization (if applicable.) URL

Example:
Sandlin, J. (2025, June 29). Checking in on Project 2025. Boing Boing. https://boingboing.net/2019/09/24/the-house-is-on-fire.html

Social Media Post

Format:
Author, A. A. or Name of Group [@username if applicable]. (Year, Month Day of publication). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL

Example:
Marine Mammals of Maine. (2024, July 9). This weaned harbor seal pup found himself on a remote beach in Phippsburg, Maine 10 days ago. While he appears [image]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=881484054014102&set=a.621180866711090

Film or Movie

Basic Format:
Director, A. A. (Director). (Year of publication). Film title [Film]. Production Company; Studio.

Example:
Stone, R. (Director). (2010). Earth Days [Film]. PBS. 

Episode of Television Show

Basic Format
Writer, A. A. (Writer), & Director, A. A. (Director). (Original air year, month, day). Title of episode (Season number, Episode number) [TV series episode]. In A. Executive Producer, B. Executive Producer (Producers), Series title. Production Company.

Example:
Sherman-Palladino, A. (Writer), & Mansuco, G. (Director). (2002, February 26). Lost and found (Season 2, Episode 15) [TV series episode]. In A. Sherman-Palladino, D. Palladino, & G. Polone (Executive Producers), Gilmore Girls. Warner Bros. Television.

YouTube Videos

Note:
Use the account of the channel that uploaded the video as the author.

Basic Format:
Account (Year, Month Day of posting). Title of video [Video]. YouTube. URL

Example:
NASA Climate Change. (2020, March 31). Rising Tides: Understanding sea level rise [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXzfOpZSmk8&ab_channel=NASAClimateChange

TED Talk

Note:
When citing a Ted Talk on YouTube, use the name of the YouTube account as the author and  .

Basic Format:
Speaker A.A.(Year, Month of publication). Title of talk [Video]. Ted Conferences. URL

Example:
Cain, S. (2012). The Power of introverts [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts/up-next?referrer=playlist-the_most_popular_talks_of_all&language=en

YouTube Example:
TEDx Talks. (2016, March 16). Let’s get to the root of racial injustice | Meagan Ming Francis [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aCn72iXO9s

Podcast

Basic Format:
Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day of airing). Episode title [Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast Name. Production Company. URL

Example:
Rooks, J., Han, C. (Hosts). (2025, June 25). Rural students: Options & goals [Audio podcast episode]. In Maine Calling. Maine Public. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/381443550/maine-calling

Format:

Creator, A. A. (Year). Title of Image [Format]. Source. URL

Example:

Hacking, C. (2018). CT head coronal – labeling questions [image]. Radiopaedia. https://radiopaedia.org/cases/ct-head-coronal-labelling-questions?lang=us

For information on preparing legal references, the APA refers writers to the latest edition of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation.

Supreme Court Case

Format
Name v. Name, Volume # U.S. Page #. (Year). URL

Example:
Trump v. CASA, Inc., et al. 606 U.S. 2. (2025). https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/24a884_new2_0pl1.pdf

Note:

See the APA Style Blog for guidance on citing AI generated content.

Format:

Creator of AI Model. (Year).Title of tool (version) [Large language model]. URL

Example:

OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT (3.5) [Large language model]. https://chatgpt.com

Note: If you retrieved a handout (not a journal article) from Brightspace, include the URL of the Brightspace login page (i.e., https://brightspace.une.edu/d2l/home).

Citing this content may vary by program, course, or instructor.  Be sure to check with your instructor about how they would like you to cite these resources from your course.

Class Handout from Brightspace

Format:
Instructor/Presenter, A. A. (Year handout was created, if known). Title of handout [Class handout]. Brightspace. https://brightspace.une.edu/

Example:
Smith, J. (2024). Laboratory safety [Class handout]. Brightspace. https://brightspace.une.edu/d2l/home

Presentation Slides

Note:
If the slides are from Brightspace, and you are writing for an audience with access to Brightspace, indicate “Brightspace” and the URL.

Format:
Instructor/Presenter, A. A. (Year presentation was created, if known). Title of presentation [PowerPoint slides]. Brightspace. URL.

Example:
Graham, J. (2021). Introduction: Jean Watson [PowerPoint slides]. Brightspace. https://brightspace.une.edu/d2l/home

Class Lecture Notes

Format:
Instructor/Presenter, A. A. (Date of lecture). [Lecture notes on topic]. Program/Department, University name. URL of instructor’s faculty website

Example:
Yarbrough, S. (2025, June 25). [Lecture notes on introduction to library services]. College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England. https://www.une.edu/people/shannon-yarbrough

Citing Multiple Works

If you need to credit more than one source in your citation, separate with a semicolon.

Example:

(Adebayo, 2025; Washington & Kleinman, 2023)

Multiple References to the Same Source

If you are citing the same source multiple times in a paragraph, include the full citation in the first reference. Further citations are not necessary as long as it is clear in your writing that the same work is being referenced. 

Author’s Name in the Sentence

Use just the publication year in parentheses when naming the author in a sentence. Include a page number if referencing a specific place in the text.

Examples:

• As a leading climate expert, Nguyen (2023) asserts that ocean acidification is already affecting marine biodiversity and that urgent action is needed to prevent serious impacts on global fisheries.
• Pielke (2003, p. 154-155) highlights how a lack of political will impedes effective climate policies even when the science is clear.

In Text Quotes

Add the page number when using a short direct quote of 40 words or less.

Examples:

• As Edward Galeano (1997,  p. 137) points out, “We must never forget that history is a weapon.”
• As Edward Galeano points out, “We must never forget that history is a weapon” (1997, p. 137).
• “We must never forget that history is a weapon” (Galeano, 1997, p. 137).

Block Quotes

For longer quotes, indent and omit quotation marks. Add the in-text citation after the final punctuation.

Example:

The need to regulate ourselves so as to live peaceably among others is a prerequisite for moral evolution. Morality naturally arises out of social life. A social life becomes more complex – moving from immediate family, to extended kin, to tribal community, and so forth – the “larger instincts” that impinge on self-interest become increasingly remote and abstract. Thus, morality becomes increasingly complex. (Rossano, 2010, p. 174)